Mielenkiintoisia tiedeartikkeleita

[Happohuppu]

Erowidin Luxin artikkeli tattien kulttuurihistoriasta:

A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom
http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/95 ... _mushroom/

[Ahab]

Kiitos Happuhuppu

tuo http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/all/ on muutenkin hyvä paikka bongailla näitä
tässä muutama

Emerging from the Drug War Dark Age: LSD and Other Psychedelic Medicines Make a Comeback
http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/90 ... _comeback/
Posted July 11, 2008.

Don't Let Old Stigmas Prevent Medical Research on Hallucinogens
http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/90 ... ucinogens/
Posted July 8, 2008.

[Pentabarf]

Psykopaatti, mainettaan pahempi
(Tiede 4/10/2007)

Äly on yhteisöllistä
(Tiede 4/10/2007)

Edit: Tänään tällaista sitten.

Meno-paluu kuolemaan
(Tiede 7/8/2008)


Lisää kaikkea mielenkiintoista löytyy tuolta arkistoista. Nämä jäi päähän kun koulussa lueskelin vanhoja Tiede-lehtiä.

[nimimerkki]

Auttavatko masennuslääkkeet todella? Valikoiva julkaiseminen voi johtaa sekä asiantuntijat että maalliikot harhaan; Lääketieteen aikakauskirja Duodecim 17/2008

http://www.megaupload.com/fi/?d=HGGWG2N7

Eipä tässä kai mitään hurjan yllättävää ole. Miksei sama pätisi monien muidenkin lääkkeiden tutkimusten julkaisuun kuin vain masennuslääkkeiden.

Huumeista kiinnostuneet vaikuttavat aika yleisesti suhtautuvan kriittisesti masennuslääkkeisiin, vettä lisää myllyyn.

[Lymykonna]

Psykopaatti, mainettaan pahempi
(Tiede 4/10/2007)

Hienoa kun "tiedelehdessä" viitataan psykopaattiin lierona. ("Hieman ilkikurisesti")

[Asidyyli]

Wikipediassa törmäsin tietoon, että Peganum Harmala voisi toimia antidoottina tähän loistautiin:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis

The compound vasicine (peganine), found in the plant Peganum harmala, has been tested in vitro against the promastigote stage of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. It was shown that this compound induces apoptosis in Leishmania promastigotes. "Peganine hydrochloride dihydrate, besides being safe, was found to induce apoptosis in both the stages of L. donovani via loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential."[22]

Another alkaloid harmine found in Peganum harmala, ". . .because of its appreciable efficacy in destroying intracellular parasites as well as non-hepatotoxic and non-nephrotoxic nature, harmine, in the vesicular forms, may be considered for clinical application in humans."

[Ahab]

Wikipediassa törmäsin tietoon, että Peganum Harmala voisi toimia antidoottina tähän loistautiin:

Hyi vittu minkä näköstä mutta joo kyllähän harmala varmaan käy loisten poistamiseen siinä missä ayahuascaa siihen on perinteisesti käytetty.

[Asidyyli]

Wikipediassa törmäsin tietoon, että Peganum Harmala voisi toimia antidoottina tähän loistautiin:

Hyi vittu minkä näköstä mutta joo kyllähän harmala varmaan käy loisten poistamiseen siinä missä ayahuascaa siihen on perinteisesti käytetty.

Psyykkisten vaiko myös fyysisten loisien poistamiseen?

[Kalastaja]

Harmiinilla on ainakin anti-bakteerisia vaikutuksia.

Myös peytoessa on monia aineita, jotka on aika vahvoja anti-mikrobeja.

[Peganum harmala...]

Burned to repel the evil eye, to dispel bad fortune, effect prognostication and to bring success and good luck.

Seeds used as an antidote for demonic possession. Samorini 1994

Peganum harmala bark is used for abortion in India. Tarafder 1983b

Reported to demonstrate anti-tumor activity (cytotoxic against melanoma), wheat rootlet growth inhibition and "strong growth inhibition (above 96%) of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum" Golan-Goldhirsh et al. 1999

Used as an antiseptic and for skin diseases since antiquity. Its smoke has been employed as a disinfectant [Al-Shamma et al. 1981 cited Telezhenetskaya & Yu 1977]

Found to be an active antimicrobial agent (harmine was determined to be the active component)
See Al-Shamma et al. 1981 & Al-Shamma & Mitscher 1979

"The most prominent worker in plant chemistry in Dorpat was George Dragendorff. In his classical work "Die Heilpflanzen." (1967) he says about Peganum harmala the following:
"It grows in Southern Europe and the Orient. The seeds were already being used by the Greeks against ophthalmic diseases and, later on, as a diaphoretic, emmenagogue, antihelmintic as well as an intoxicant and hypnotic (like Cannabis indica )."
Holmstedt 1982 citing Dragendorff 1967


Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants & analogs
assembled by Keeper of the Trout

http://www.erowid.org/library/books_onl ... mala.shtml

[Ahab]

Psyykkisten vaiko myös fyysisten loisien poistamiseen?

No miks ei molempia mutta tarkoitin nyt fyysisiä. Kato wikipedian caapi ja ayahuasca artikkelit ja etsi niistä sanaa parasite.

[CharlieBigPpotato]

http://www.bg.ic.ac.uk/research/Bio-ins ... mePage.htm

[CharlieBigPpotato]

Medical Uses of Illicit Drugs by Dr. Lester Grinspoon and James Bakalar:
http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hem ... meduse.htm

[Happohuppu]

NewScientist: Ekstaasin pitkäaikaisen käytön vaikutukset selvitetty (?)

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg2 ... ?full=true

[Ahab]

NewScientist: Ekstaasin pitkäaikaisen käytön vaikutukset selvitetty (?)
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg2 ... ?full=true

Noissa mua häiritsee aina se ettei tiedä onko ekstaasin käyttäjät käyttäneet vain MDMA-ekstaasia vai Sitä+Tätä+Tota-ekstaasia. Kyllähän tossakin mainittiin että käyttäjät ovat saattaneet käyttää muitakin aineita mutta ei sitä että ekstaasitabletti voi jo sinänsä sisältää useita eri huumeita.

Recent research suggests that most ecstasy pills on the market contain MDMA as their only active ingredient

No olihan siellä tollanen. Kuikakohan paljon toi vaihtelee maittain. Olen saanut sellaisen kuvan ettei suomessa niin usein tulisi vastaan essoja joissa olis vaan madmaa. Tosin en ole seurannut asiaa mitenkään aktiivisesti kun ei ole mun suosikkeja.

Toinen juttu on se että mitataan vaan jotain tietyn tyyppistä kognitiivista kykyä ja tietyn tyyppistä älykkyyttä eikä ollenkaan esimerkiksi tunneälykkyytä tai sosiaalisia kykyjä.

[W10]

http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/juttu.php?id=145064

Aivot tykkää, että niitä käytetään. Hämmästelkää, pohtikaa, miettikää ja ajatelkaa asioita.

[CharlieBigPpotato]

DIAMONDIOD DERIVATIVES POSSESSING THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY:
http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA= ... SPLAY=DESC

Diamondoids are cage-shaped hydrocarbon molecules possessing rigid structures, resembling tiny fragments of a diamond crystal lattice.

[CharlieBigPpotato3]

Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy.
Henry Greely et al.
Nature 456, 702-705 (11 December 2008)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v4 ... 6702a.html

Society must respond to the growing demand for cognitive enhancement. That response must start by rejecting the idea that 'enhancement' is a dirty word, argue Henry Greely and colleagues.

Today, on university campuses around the world, students are striking deals to buy and sell prescription drugs such as Adderall and Ritalin — not to get high, but to get higher grades, to provide an edge over their fellow students or to increase in some measurable way their capacity for learning. These transactions are crimes in the United States, punishable by prison.

Koko artikkeli: http://kukka.siilo.fi/~tajkor/456702a.pdf

[CharlieBigPpotato3]

Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?
BY NICK BOSTROM
Department of Philosophy, Oxford University

Homepage: http://www.nickbostrom.com

[First version: May, 2001; Final version July 2002]
Published in Philosophical Quarterly (2003), Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243-255.


http://www.simulation-argument.com/simulation.html

[Touchet]

Johansen & Krebs - How could MDMA (ecstasy) help anxiety disorders? A neurobiological rationale
Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 23, No. 4, 389-391 (2009)

1) MDMA increases oxytocin levels, which may strengthen the therapeutic alliance;
2) MDMA increases ventromedial prefrontal activity and decreases amygdala activity, which may improve emotional regulation and decrease avoidance and
3) MDMA increases norepinephrine release and circulating cortisol levels, which may facilitate emotional engagement and enhance extinction of learned fear associations.
Thus, MDMA has a combination of pharmacological effects that, in a therapeutic setting, could provide a balance of activating emotions while feeling safe and in control, as described in case reports of MDMA-augmented psychotherapy.

[W10]

Joinko aamulla kahvia? Tietämisen sietämätön vaikeus

[Happohuppu]

Highly Statistically Significant Results in Sativex® Pivotal Phase III Study in MS Spasticity

http://www.gwpharm.com/news_press_relea ... 009-03-11/

[Happohuppu]

Sopisi loppukevennykseksi Kymmenen uutisiin: Stonehengessä järjestettiin muinoin rave-bileitä.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28540927/

[Bateman]

Mielestäni erittäin hyvältä kuulostava malli ihmisen tietoisuudesta:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Drafts_Model
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monivedosmalli

[Touchet]

W Jacob - Role of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) in Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and Emotionality

Abstract:
The present work focused on the role of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in synaptic plasticity, memory and emotionality in mice. CB1 is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and is mainly (if not exclusively) located on GABAergic and glutamatergic nerve cells. CB1 is a G-protein coupled receptor which is essentially inhibiting transmitter release from presynaptic GABAergic or glutamatergic
nerve terminals.
To differentiate between the physiological significance of CB1 expressed on glutamatergic and GABAergic nerve terminals, the studies included work with three different CB1-deficient mouse lines: A conventional knock-out mouse line (total-CB1-ko mice) with a deficiency of CB1 in the entire brain and two conditional knock-out mouse lines using the Cre/lox P recombination system, and leading to cell type specific deficiency of CB1 on GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1-ko mice) or glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1-ko mice).
As a common model for alterations in synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory, we studied long-term potentiation in the hippocampus at first. The hippocampus is an essential brain structure being involved in spatial and episodiclike memory. We showed that there is an increase of hippocampal LTP in vivo at the perforant path-dentate gyrus granule cell synapse in total-CB1-ko mice, but failed to detect any difference in LTP levels for GABA-CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice. Also, short-term plasticity using a paired-pulse stimulation protocol is unchanged in the three mouse lines. Eventually, augmented theta rhythm that is believed to underlie enhanced cognitive abilities could not be found in total-CB1-ko mice. Our hypothesis of memory improvement in CB1-deficient mouse lines could not be verified in three tests for memory that are based on a spontaneous preference for novelty: The social recognition test, the object recognition test and the open field habituation test. We consequently tested the mice in two memory tasks that rely on an aversive test situation. In the water maze spatial discrimination task, again no differences could be assessed for acquisition of the task in total-CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice. Curiously, Glu-CB1-ko mice demonstrate more flexible behaviour in reversal learning indicating that CB1 on glutamatergic neurons may lead to perseverant and persistent behaviour. Eventually, we could show for the first time that there is a differential contribution of CB1 on either GABAergic neurons or glutamatergic neurons in the background contextual fear conditioning task. Here, mice were tested in the shock context and in a different context containing the grid floor as a similar aspect to the shock context, called grid context. GABA-CB1-ko mice reveal increased fearful behaviour specifically in the grid context. This might indicate an increased context generalisation and/or a feature learning strategy in GABA-CB1-ko mice. In contrast, Glu-CB1-ko mice display increased fearful behaviour specifically for the shock context, indicating a conjunctive learning strategy. Total-CB1-ko mice showed an increased fear response in both contexts, representing a mixed phenotype of Glu-CB1-ko and GABA-CB1-ko mice. Another novel finding confirming a large body of evidence is the fact that total-CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice manifest a deficit of extinction for the conditioned tone, providing first evidence that CB1 on glutamatergic neurons is essential for short-term extinction of auditory-cued fear memory. Any changes in memory performance might be obscured by altered emotionality in the knockout mouse lines. In classical tests for anxiety such as the elevated plusmaze and the light/dark box, we found a tendency of increased anxiety in total-CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice and a tendency of a decrease of anxiety in GABA-CB1-ko mice at most. Strikingly, we were able to show that CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice, in contrast to GABA-CB1-ko, avoid the open arms of the elevated plus-maze more than wildtype mice on a second exposure to the maze indicating an increased one-trial sensitisation. Furthermore remarkably, CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko mice showed increased anxiety-related behaviour whereas GABA-CB1-ko mice revealed an unchanged or anxiolytic phenotype in three different tests of emotionality: The open field test, the novel object exploration test and the novel juvenile exploration test. These tests were carried out under low and high light conditions. Here, as opposed to the elevated plus-maze and the light/dark box, the animals cannot retract from an aversive situation that is bright light in the testing environment which may cause sufficient activation of the endocannabinoid system thus leading to a detectable and profound phenotype in the animals. Interestingly, altered emotionality seems to depend on the averseness of the test situation, as CB1-ko and Glu-CB1-ko animals do not or only mildly differ from their wildtype littermates under lowly aversive conditions but show increased anxiety under highly aversive conditions in the aforementioned tests. This strongly suggests that the endocannabinoid system might dampen states of anxiety in highly aversive and stressful environments. More precisely, CB1 on GABAergic neurons rather leads to an anxiogenic effect, whereas CB1 on glutamatergic neurons prominently leads to an anxiolytic phenotype which we refer to as “the Yin and the Yang effect” of CB1 in emotionality. Altogether, our study illustrates the value of conditional mouse mutants for which celltype specific ablation of a gene of interest exist in order to understand the role of CB1 in synaptic plasticity, memory and emotionality. Our findings add another level of complexity to the picture of endocannabinoid action in fear and anxiety, which has to be considered if the endocannabinoid system is going to be exploited as a therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

[tRip]

Touchet, kuulostaa kyl mielenkiintoselta toi teksti, mut ei pysty lukee tollasta massaa..
Olisi tosi hienoa, jos tällaisista artikkeleista vois tehdä jonkun oman pienen yhteenvedon, jos kerran itse on sen mielenkiinnolla lukenut ja halunnut ymmärtää..

[surly]

Muistan joskus ennenkin kuulleeni/lukeneeni että CB1 knockouteilla on vaikeuksia unohtaa asioita.

[Touchet]

ScienceDaily uutisoi: Active Ingredient In Cannabis Eliminates Morphine Dependence In Rats

The study was carried out by Valérie Daugé and her team at the Laboratory for Physiopathology of Diseases of the Central Nervous System (UPMC / CNRS / INSERM).

Valérie Daugé's team at the Laboratory for Physiopathology of Diseases of the Central Nervous System (UPMC / CNRS / Inserm) analyzed the effects of maternal deprivation combined with injections of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the main active principle in cannabis, on behavior with regard to opiates.

Previously, Daugé and her colleagues had shown that rats deprived of their mothers at birth become hypersensitive to the rewarding effect of morphine and heroin (substances belonging to the opiate family), and rapidly become dependent. In addition, there is a correlation between such behavioral disturbances linked to dependence, and hypoactivity of the enkephalinergic system, the endogenous opioid system.

To these rats, placed under stress from birth, the researchers intermittently administered increasingly high doses of THC (5 or 10 mg/kg) during the period corresponding to their adolescence (between 35 and 48 days after birth). By measuring their consumption of morphine in adulthood, they observed that, unlike results previously obtained, the rats no longer developed typical morphine-dependent behavior. Moreover, biochemical and molecular biological data corroborate these findings. In the striatum, a region of the brain involved in drug dependence, the production of endogenous enkephalins was restored under THC, whereas it diminished in rats stressed from birth which had not received THC.

Such animal models are validated for understanding the neurobiological and behavioral effects of postnatal conditions in humans. In this context, the findings point to the development of new treatments that could relieve withdrawal effects and suppress drug dependence.

The enkephalinergic system produces endogenous enkephalins, which are neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors as opiates and inhibit pain messages to the brain.

Morel et al. - Adolescent Exposure to Chronic Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Blocks Opiate Dependence in Maternally Deprived Rats
Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication 24 June 2009; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.70

[tRip]

Signal Theory - Theory of Psychedelic action

[CharlieBigPpotato3]

P. Munz, I. Hudea, J. Imad and R.J. Smith? When zombies attack!: Mathematical modelling of an outbreak of zombie infection (Infectious Disease Modelling Research Progress 2009, in: J.M. Tchuenche and C. Chiyaka, eds, pp133-150).

http://www.mathstat.uottawa.ca/~rsmith/zombies.htm

[surly]

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/ ... -time.html

Vihdoinkin saadaan ihan nähdä miltä molekyyli näyttää.